5/23/2023 0 Comments The vallumPreviously, our own imperial history has created a cultural bias that tends to perceive the Roman Empire in terms of success and superiority, which has often made it difficult to understand their archaeology in terms of failure. Old ideas about “Decisions”, prompting the various changes, can now be seen as a response to unfavourable circumstances, rather than as a result of imperial whim or some administrative ineptitude. However, for a variety of reasons and interests, mostly academic, the existence of the Vallum as a textural construct is not wholly dependent on evidence, being more akin to the product of a literary tradition.īy far the most significant development in Wall Scholarship is the idea of Dislocations, periods of disruption, probably caused by continuing warfare along the Northern frontier, which resulted in significant changes in the speed, specification and quality of the work. In terms of the assessment above, the conventional explanation, that the Vallum was constructed as a boundary, is evidently erroneous if this was an exam, it would have failed, as it cannot account for evidence, and is clearly the wrong answer, irrespective of whether a better answer was available. Dislocations are key idea in the understanding the confusing structural sequence and changes of plan apparent in the archaeology of Hadrian’s Wall they also explain why a road project requiring as much material as the Wall itself should be abandoned.Įven if we argue that there is no reason that a boundary should not have gentle corners, moderate gradients, vertical sides and a flat bottom, allocating an extra couple of marks, this explanation still only offers 43%. If we accept that the marginal mounds result from the removal of crossings, then this was not an engineering decision, although as far as possible it does preserve the integrity of the lanes, it can be only seen in the context of a “Dislocation”, a gap in the construction program presumably caused by warfare. Similarly, the reversed profile at White Moss is only intelligible if the intention was to build a corded road between the two banks there was probably no need for additional lanes, as all traffic would have had to use the road. The section at limestone corner shows the desired profile cut into the hard bedrock at the crest of the hill, while a few yards away the Roman Army left the Wall Ditch unfinished this is engineering, if it is not done this way, the combination of the crest of the hill and the transition in the underlying ground could have been problematic. Research by Russell ML, Bliss KN, Lynch HL, and Ganoe MR funded by WV Research Challenge Fund. Research by Holmes JS and Rickards AA funded by the WVU Initiation to Research Opportunities (INTRO) Summer Research program. Because vallate papillae are important in gustation, the anatomical differences may partly explain physiological differences in taste function. The results of this study demonstrate a wide variety of morphological categories of vallate papillae. Other categorization included whether the papilla itself was fully formed or segmented. Categorization was largely based upon the presence of a vallum (691 of 1069 64.6%), and whether the vallum fully encompassed the papilla or partly encompassed the papilla. A total of 1,069 individual vallate papillae were identified and characterized into thirteen separate categories, based upon their morphology and associated anatomical features. In this study, 103 human cadaveric tongues were dissected at West Virginia University, with approval of the West Virginia Anatomical Board, to identify and photograph individual vallate papillae. Therefore, vallate papillae are important anatomical structures in gustation however, little data exists regarding the gross morphology of the vallate papillae. The inner surface of the vallum houses approximately half of the taste buds located within the tongue. As the name suggests, vallate papillae are normally surrounded by a vallum, a small mound of tissues, which creates a sulcus (or trench) around the papilla. The vallate papillae, commonly referred to as circumvallate papillae, are lingual papillae located at the posterior dorsum of the tongue, which form a V-shaped row immediately anterior to the sulcus terminalis.
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